introduction of Highest mountain Everest on Earth and its contains about Historical, Geology and Formation, Environment and Climate, Environmental Concerns, Tourism and Climbing Economy

Mount Everest is the highest mountain on Earth, with its summit reaching an elevation of 8,848.86 meters (29,031.7 feet) above sea level. It is located in the Himalayas, on the border between Nepal and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.

 

Key Facts about Mount Everest:

 Basic Information:

• Height: 8,848.86 meters (29,031.7 feet) – confirmed by a 2020 measurement by Nepal and China.

• Location: Himalayas, between Nepal (south) and Tibet (north).

• Nepali Name: Sagarmāthā

• Tibetan Name: Chomolungma

• First Successful Ascent: May 29, 1953, by Sir Edmund Hillary of New Zealand and Tenzing Norgay, a Sherpa of Nepal.

 Geography:

• Part of the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas.

• Lies within Sagarmatha National Park in Nepal.

• Surrounded by other towering peaks like Lhotse and Nuptse.

Climbing Everest:

• Two main climbing routes:

  • South Col route (Nepal side) – most popular.

  • North Ridge route (Tibet side).

• Climbing season typically runs from late April to early June.

• Base Camp Elevation:

  • South Base Camp (Nepal): 5,364 m (17,598 ft)

  • North Base Camp (Tibet): 5,150 m (16,900 ft)

 Risks and Challenges:

• Altitude sickness, avalanches, falls, harsh weather, and the "Death Zone" above 8,000 meters are major dangers.

• The mountain has claimed over 300 lives as of 2024.

• Increasing concerns about overcrowding and environmental degradation.

 Cultural and Scientific Importance:

• Sacred in both Tibetan Buddhism and Hinduism.

• Studied for geology, climate change, and high-altitude biology. 

  1. Historical Background

• Named “Everest” in 1865 by the British Surveyor General of India, Andrew Waugh, in honor of his predecessor Sir George Everest.

• Indigenous names:

  • Chomolungma (Tibetan): "Goddess Mother of the World"

  • Sagarmāthā (Nepali): "Forehead in the Sky"

 Major Historical Ascents:

• 1953 – First confirmed summit by Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay

• 1975 – First woman to summit: Junko Tabei (Japan)

• 1996 – Deadly disaster involving multiple expeditions; recounted in Jon Krakauer’s book Into Thin Air

• 2019 – Photo of overcrowding near the summit went viral, highlighting tourism risks

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 2. Geology and Formation

• Formed 50–60 million years ago from the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates.

• The Himalayas, including Everest, are still rising at a rate of about 4 mm per year.

• Everest is made of sedimentary and metamorphic rock, including limestone, marble, and shale.

• Fossils of marine life have been found near the summit, showing the mountain was once under the ocean.

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 3. Environment and Climate

• Temperatures on Everest can plunge to -60°C (-76°F) in winter.

• Jet stream winds of over 160 km/h (100 mph) can strike the summit.

• The "Death Zone" starts above 8,000 meters (26,247 feet), where oxygen is too thin to sustain life for long.

• Climate change is causing glacier retreat, crevasses to widen, and increasing risks to climbers.

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 4. Environmental Concerns

• Trash accumulation: Tons of garbage, oxygen canisters, and human waste left behind by climbers.

• Bodies left on the mountain: Difficult and dangerous to retrieve, many deceased climbers remain visible on the routes.

• Efforts:

  • Nepal and China enforce cleanup campaigns

  • Permit regulations require climbers to carry out their waste

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 5. Tourism and Climbing Economy

• Over 600 summits in a single year (e.g., 2023) have raised concerns over overcrowding.

• Climbing permits:

  • Nepal: ~$11,000 USD per climber

  • Total expedition cost: $30,000 to $100,000+ per person

• Provides income for local Sherpas and businesses in Kathmandu and Khumbu region

• Sherpas play a vital role in fixing ropes, carrying loads, and guiding climbers — often at high risk to themselves

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6. Cultural and Spiritual Significance

• Considered sacred by the Sherpa, Tibetan, and Nepali communities

• Puja ceremonies are held at base camps to ask permission from the mountain gods before ascents

• The mountain symbolizes spiritual endurance, reverence for nature, and the limit of human ambition

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